Pathophysiology and Structural Influence Assignment

Pathophysiology and Structural Influence - Assignment Example From regions with low concentration to high, require sodium ion gradient, utilizes energy and involve a movement of polar molecules like glucose and amino acids (Vander et al., 2001). Primary active transport - movement from regions with low concentration to high, requires ATP to function, involves the movement of ions like hydrogen, calcium, sodium, and potassium (Vander et al., 2001). c) Ca-ATPase – this system pumps the calcium ions to the extracellular fluid from the cytoplasm. Besides, in the organelles, it involves pumping of calcium to the lumen of the organelles from the cytoplasm. It utilizes ATP as a source of energy d) Na-K-ATPase – this system pumps two molecules of potassium in the cell while removing three molecules of sodium from the cell through the hydrolysis of energy. This makes the intracellular negative relative to the extracellular environment of the cell (Vander et al., 2001). The difference in charge between the inside and the outside of the cell affects the movement of cations and ions across the membrane. When there is a net charge difference the cations and anions will move in the direction with a low concentration of the molecules until both sides of the cells attain an equilibrium during which the cell would be referred to be in a resting membrane potential (Vander et al., 2001). Monogenetic inheritance is called so because it involves a single genetic disease. The changes in DNA sequence happens at a single genetic code. The modes include X-linked (sex-linked, and sex-limited), autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, abnormal mitochondrial gene (Vander et al., 2001). Hormonal hyperplasia is a type of abnormal medical condition that involves proliferation of tissues involved in the production of hormones. The proliferation leads to increase in the production of the chemical substances called hormones. In the hormonal hyperplasia, the general structure of the cell or the tissue remains the same even after the proliferation.